![]() ![]() Gradients of which paracrine signaling factors are most responsible for anterior-posterior axis formation in the chick? High posterior expression and low anterior expression of FGF and Wnts What is the dorsal vegetal region that induces the Spemann-Mangold organizer in an amphibian embryo? Nieuwkoop center Which of the following is NOT true of the role of BMPs in mesoderm patterning? Introduction of a dominant-negative BMP receptor ventralizes the embryo. Neural cell fates are induced by: Suppression of BMP by chordin and noggin, which are secreted by cells in the Hansen's node. ![]() Which secreted proteins are necessary for primitive streak formation? Nodal from epiblast and FGF from Koller's sickle. Secretion of Cerebus to regulate cell differentiation in the epiblast. (Correct) **** Secretes FGF to induce primitive streak. Genes in the posterior marginal zone that are involved in the induction of primative streak formation are: Vg-1 and Wnt Which is not a function of the hypoblast of the chick embryo: Forms over the yolk in the area pellucida. Neural crest cells, which form at the edges of the neural plate migrate to different parts of the embryo and differentiate to form the autonomic and sensory nervous systems. Somites give rise to muscles of the trunk of the body. Somites run along the notochord and give rise to vertebrae Which statement about somites is NOT true? (Correct) **** Somites give rise to the spinal chord The internalization of endoderm and mesoderm and development of the anterior-posterior axis. Gene knock-out using homologous recombination Which method is NOT used visualize the presence of proteins within cells/embryos? In situ hybridization What determines the orientation of the antero-posterior axis in the epiblast of a chick embryo? Through gravity effects on the embryo Which of the following is the Nieuwkoop center analog in the chick embryo? Posterior marginal zone What is the signalling protein responsible for initiating neural tissue induction in the chick embryo? FGF Which of the following genes determines the identity of somites and can be disrupted in order to induce transformations or antero-posterior shifts in vertebral fate? Hox The ingressive (inward) movement of ectodermal cells through the furrow of the primitive streak results in. Which one is NOT an example of reverse genetics? (Correct) ****** Mutagenesis screens to uncover developmental mutants. It can determine the changes in gene expression during development. It requires direct sequencing of nucleic acids. ![]() (Correct) ***** Gonads Which organism takes the shortest amount of time to reach gastrulation? Zebrafish Which of the following list organisms is ordered from the highest to lowest yolk content (i.e., % of total volume) in zygotes? Chick, zebrafish, frog, mouse Which one is NOT true of RNA seq? It can identify the expression of large numbers of genes at the same time. Which structure is NOT present in the phylotypic stage of any vertebrate embryo? Neural tube Human embryos develop a primitive streak. Human embryonic cells undergo compaction. Human fertilization takes place within the fallopian tube. Which one is NOT true of human embryonic development? (Correct) *** Human embryos undergo a 'turning' step. (Correct) **** A population of cells that organizes where yolk is located in the embryo.Ī population of cells that is responsible for setting up the major body axes. An environmental chemical (one that comes from outside the developing animal) that causes abnormal development is called_? a teratogen Which developmental process established a coordinate system whereby cells "know" their location within an embryo? Pattern formation Which of these is true of meiosis? Germ cells are formed through this process Which embryonic axis do axial structures, such as the neural tube and notochord, 'run' along? Antero-posterior Which of these groups consist solely of amniote embryos? Human, chicken, mouse What is the name for the ball of cells created through frog cleavage? Blastula What germ layer undergoes neurulation? Ectoderm Which is NOT one of the functions of an "organizer" in the context of early embryonic development? A population of cells that secrete factors that induce cells to begin the movements of gastrulationĪ population of cells that is responsible for neural induction. ![]()
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